Any type equipmets for crystals growing and:

Vacuum furnaces

Cutting machine tools.

his is one of the biggest areas of structural applications, used for semiconductor epitaxy (Si, GaN, AlGaN, and many other) films and making of integrated circuits. Advantage of the sapphire substrate is inertia and operation at high temperatures and mechanical loads. It is possible to obtain large-size substrates. Therefore, they are applied even when the lattice parameters are not exactly coincide with the parameters of heteroepitaxial structures.